Documents
IVe Convention de Genève de 1949, art. 79: « Les Parties au conflit ne pourront interner des personnes rotégées que conformément aux dispositions des articles 41, 42, 43, 68 et 78 ». Selon l’article 41, « Si la Puissance au pouvoir de laquelle se trouvent les personnes protégées n’estime pas suffisantes les autres mesures de contrôle mentionnées dans la présente Convention, les mesures de contrôles plus sévères auxquelles elle pourra recourir seront la mise en résidence forcée ou l’internement, conformément aux dispositions des articles 42 et 43. Or, l’article 42, alinéa 1 stipule,: « L’internement ou la mise en résidence forcée des personnes protégées ne pourra être ordonné que si la sécurité de la Puissance au pouvoir de laquelle ces personnes se trouvent le rend absolument nécessaire » et l’article 43 : « Toute personne protégée qui aura été internée ou mise en résidence forcée aura le droit dobtenir qu’un tribunal ou un collège administratif compétent, créé à cet effet par la Puissance détentrice, reconsidère dans le plus bref délai la décision prise à son égard. Si l’internement ou la mise en résidence forcée est maintenu, le tribunal ou le collège administratif procédera périodiquement, et au moins deux fois l’an, à un examen du cas de cette personne en vue d’amender en sa faveur la décision initiale, si les circonstances le permettent. A moins que les personnes protégées intéressées ne s’y opposent, la Puissance détentrice portera, aussi rapidement que possible à la connaissance de la Puissance protectrice les noms ddes personnes protégées qui ont été internées ou mises en résidence forcée et les noms de celles qui ont été libérées de l’internement ou de la résidence forcée. Sous la même réserve, les décisions des tribunaux ou collèges indiqués au premier alinéa du présent article seront également notifiées aussi rapidement que possible à la Puissance protectrice ». Voir également l’article 78 : « Si la Puissance occupante estime nécessaire, pour d’impérieuses raisons de sécurité, de prendre des mesures de sûreté à l’égard de personnes protégées, elle pourra tout au plus leur imposer une résidence forcée ou procéder à leur internement. Les décisions relatives à la résidence forcée ou à l’internement seront prises suivant une procédure régulière qui devra être fixée par la Puissance occupante, onformément aux dispositions de la présente Convention. Cette procédure doit prévoir le droit d’appel des intéressés. Il sera statué au sujet de cet appel dans le plus bef délai possible. Si les décision sont maintenues, elles seront l’objet d’une révision périodique, si possible semestrielle, par les soins d’un organisme compétent constitué par ladite Puissance. […] ».
United States of America, Immigration and Nationality Act (last amended March 2004), 27 June 1952
Nigeria, Geneva Conventions Act, Cap G3 LFN 2004, 30 September 1960
A/RES/35/41/A/B, 25 November 1980, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: “Deploring, in particular, the instances of physical attacks on asylum seekers at sea and of military attacks on refugee camps in southern Africa”.
A/RES/36/125, 14 December 1981, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees : “Deploring, in particular, the instances of military attacks on refugee camps in Southern Africa and elsewhere […]”; § 7: “Notes with great concern the serious humanitarian problems resulting from attacks on refugee camps and settlements which are the concern of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the need for special measures to protect and ensure the safety of such refugees”
UNHCR, Attaques militaires contre des camps de réfugiés et des zones d’installation en Afrique australe et ailleurs, 1 October 1982, EC/SCP/23 / UNHCR, Military Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements in Southern Africa, 1 October 1982, EC/SCP/23
A/RES/37/195, 18 décembre 1982, Rapport du Haut Commissaire des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés, « Déplorant en particulier les cas d’agression militaire contre des camps de réfugiés en Afrique australe et ailleurs » ; § 3 : « Déplore la persistance de graves violations des droits fondamentaux des réfugiés et personnes déplacées dont s’occupe le Haut Commissariat, en particulier des agressions militaires contre les camps et les colonies de réfugiés en Afrique australe et ailleurs, des cas de refoulement et de détention arbitre, et souligne la nécessité de renforcer les mesures destinées à protéger les réfugiés contre de telles violations ».
UNHCR, Projets de principes concernant les attaques militaires contre des camps et des zones d’installation de réfugiés soumis au Sous-Comité plénier sur la protection internationale, 30 September 1983, EC/SCP/32 / UNHCR, Draft Principles on Military Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements for Consideration by the Sub-Committee of the Whole on International Protection, 30 September 1983
UNHCR, Attaques militaires contre des camps et zones d’installation de réfugiés en afrique australe et ailleurs Nº 32 (XXXIV) – 1983, 20 October 1983, Nº 32 (XXXIV) / UNHCR, Military Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements in Southern Africa and Elsewhere No. 32 (XXXIV) – 1983, 20 October 1983, No. 32 (XXXIV)
A/RES/38/121, 16 December 1983, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, § 3:“deplores all violations of the rights and safety of refugees and asylum-seekers, in particular through military or armed attacks against refugee camps and settlements, other forms of brutality and failure to rescue asylum-seekers in distress at sea”.
UNHCR, Projet de conclusions sur les attaques militaires et armées contre les camps et les zones d’installation de réfugiés, 2 October 1984, EC/SCP/34/Add.1 / UNHCR, Draft Conclusion on Military Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements, 2 October 1984, EC/SCP/34/Add.1
A/RES/39/140, 14 December 1984, Report of the Unite Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, § 3: “Condemns all violations of the rights and safety of refugees and asylum-seekers, in particular those perpetrated through military or armed attacks against refugee camps and settlements and other forms of brutality and by failure to rescue asylum-seekers in distress at sea”.
UNHCR, Note sur les attaques militaires et armées contre des camps et des zones d’installation de réfugiés, 10 August 1987, EC/SCP/47 / UNHCR, Note on Military and Armed Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements, 10 August 1987, EC/SCP/47
UNHCR, Attaques militaires et armées contre des camps et zones d’installation de réfugiés Nº 48 (XXXVIII) – 1987, 12 October 1987, Nº 48 (XXXVIII) – 1987 / UNHCR, Military or Armed Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements No. 48 (XXXVIII) – 1987, 12 October 1987, No. 48 (XXXVIII) – 1987
Czech Republic, Act No. 498 of 1990 concerning Refugees (repealed), 1 January 1991
Lithuania, Law on Citizenship, 11 December 1991 (repealed)
Nepal, Immigration Act, 1992, 2 November 1992, Nepal Rajapatra, vol 42, No. 39 (E), Kartik 17, 2049
Republic of Korea, Immigration Act, 8 December 1992
Nigeria, High Court of Justice of Borno State, 2 September 1993, Ahmed Allatchi and 243 Others v. Chief of Army Staff and 4 Others, M/64m/92 [Censure détention et expulsion réfugiés]
Canada: Federal Court, 13 December 1993, Maarouf v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1994] 1 F.C. 723 [Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Non-state agents of persecution | Persecution based on political opinion | Refugee camps | Refugee status determination (RSD) / Asylum procedures | Statelessness | Statelessness]
United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales), 11 November 1996, Lawrence Matu Kagema v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [Asylum-Kenyan national-Kikuyu-attacked by Kalenjins-removed to camp-adjudicator and Tribunal concluded appellant had no well-founded fear of persecution if he returned to camp in Kenya-whether definition of persecution adopted by appellate authorities was too narrow-whether definition a matter of fact or law-whether conclusions of special adjudicator and Tribunal unreasonable. Handbook on procedures and criteria for determining refugee status para. 51]
Bangladesh, Chittagong Hill Tracts Treaty 1997, 2 December 1997
New Zealand, Refugee Status Appeals Authority, 18 June 1998, Refugee Appeal No. AB70765/98 [Appel contre refus octroi du statut de réfugié – Discrimination- gravité persécuction – Discrimination et persécution – Arbitrary arrest and detention | Bihari | Credibility assessment | Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) | Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment | Non-state agents of persecution | Persecution based on political opinion | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Refugee camps]
TPIY, Trial Chamber, 16 November 1998, Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delalic, Zdravko Mucic alias « Pavo », Hazim Delic, Esad Landzo alias « Zenga », Judgement, Case No. IT-96-21-T, § 565 : « The protection of civilians from harm during armed conflict is a fundamental aim of international humanitarian law. However, the freedom of movement of « ennemy » civilians during armed conflic may be retricted, or even temporarily suppressed, if circumstances so require. Thus there is no absolute right in the Geneva Conventions to freedom of movement. However, this does not mean that there is a général suspension of this right during armed conflict either. To the contrary, the regulations concerning civilians in the territory of a party to an armed conflic are based on the concept that the individual freedom of civilians should remain unimpaired. The right in question is therefore a relative one, which may be restricted [footnote omitted] » ; § 566 : « the confinement of civilians is permitted in certain limited situations » et §§ 574 ss., sp § 576 : « Clearly, internment is only permitted when absolutely necessary. Subverive actiity carried on inside the territory of a party to the conflic, or actions which are of direct assistance to an opposing party, may threaten the security of the former, which may, therefore, intern people or place them in assigned residence if it has serious and legitimate reasons to think that they may seriously prejudice its security by means such as sabotage or espionage » ; § 577 : « To justify recourse to such measures, the party must have good reason to think that the person concerned, by his activities, knowledge or qualifications, represents a real threat to its present or future security ». Voir enfin § 583 : « the confinement of civilians during armed conflict may be permissible in limited cases, but has in any event to be in compliance with the provisions of articles 42 and 43 of Geneva Convention IV. The security of the State concerned might require the internment of civilians and, furthermore, the decision of whether a civilian constitutes a threat to the security of the State is largely left to its discretion. However, it must be borne in mind that the measure of internment for reasons of security is an excpetional one and can never be taken n a collective mbasis. An initially lawful internment clearly becomes unlawful if the detaining party does not establish an appropriate court or administrative board as prescribed in article 43 of Geneva Convention IV ».
New Zealand, Refugee Status Appeals Authority, 17 December 1998, Refugee Appeal No. 70739, No. 70739 [Chechen | Country of origin information (COI) | Discrimination based on race, nationality, ethnicity | Ingush | Non-state agents of persecution | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Refugee camps]
Tanzania, Refugees Act, 1998, 15 April 1999
UNHCR, La sécurité et le caractère civil et humanitaire des camps et zones d’installation de réfugiés : Concrétiser « l’échelle d’options », 27 June 2000, EC/50/SC/INF.4 / UNHCR, The Security, Civilian and Humanitarian Character of Refugee Camps and Settlements: Operationalizing the « Ladder of Options », 27 June 2000, EC/50/SC/INF.4
Kenya, The Children Act, 2001, No. 8 of 2001, 31 December 2001
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 30 July 2002, PO(Risk – Return – General) Sierra Leone v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2002] UKIAT 03285 [Country of origin information (COI) | Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment | IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA)]
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 3 December 2002, FS (Camps – Vulnerable Group – Woman) Sierra Leone v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2002] UKIAT 05588 [Abduction | Country of origin information (COI) | Credibility assessment | Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) | Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment | IDP camps | Mental health | SGBV | Women-at-risk]
New-Zealand, Court of Appeal [CA], 16th April 2003, Attorney-General v Refugee Council of New Zealand Inc and ors, Appeal judgment, [2003] 2 NZLR 577, (2003) 7 HRNZ 1, ILDC 214 (NZ 2003) [Detention — Asylum — Refugees]
Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, 29 mai 2003, République Démocratique du Congo c. le Burundi, le Rwanda et l’Ouganda, n° 227/99, http://caselaw.ihrda.org/fr/doc/227.99/view/, § 81 :« L’allégation de déportation massive de personnes des provinces orientales de l’Etat plaignant dans des camps au Rwanda, comme l’allègue le Plaignant et ne le réfute pas le Défendeur, est une violation de l’article 1 de la Charte africaine qui reconnaît la famille comme l’élément naturel et la base de la société et lui garantit une protection adéquate ».
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 17 June 2003, KB (Mixed Ethnicity – Roma/Albanian) Kosovo v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2003] UKIAT 00013 [Country of origin information (COI) | Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) | Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment | IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Roma]
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 29 October 2004, KK IH HE (Palestinians – Lebanon – Camps) Jordan v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2004] UKIAT OO293 [Country of origin information (COI) – Credibility assessment – Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) – Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment – Palestinian – Persecution based on political opinion – Protection of camps – Refugee camps – Refugee status determination (RSD) / Asylum procedures – Statelessness]
Human Rights Watch, No Exit: Human Rights Abuses Inside the Mojahedin Khalq Camps, 18 May 2005
High Court of Botswana, held at Francistown, 10 June 2005, Sefu and Others v The Attorney General of Botswana, Case No. F46 of 2005 [Demandeurs ressortissants de la RDC dont les demandes d’asile avaient été rejetées et résidant dans un camp de réfugiés sous la supervision du HCR pour lequel 3 d’entre eux travaillaient moyennant rémunération – demandeurs déplacés du camp vers le centre pour immigrants illégaux de Francistown – Mise en liberté sous caution applicable aux personnes poursuivies pénalement mais non à celles détenues sur le fondement du rejet de leur demande d’asile pour préparer leur expulsion – Liciété de la détention des demandeurs aux fins d’expulsion]
The Administration of Justice in Refugee Camps: A Study of Practice, March 2006, PPLA/2006/01
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 17 July 2006, MA (Galgale – Sab Clan) Somalia v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2006] UKIAT 00073 [Credibility assessment | Effective protection | Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) | IDP camps | Madhiban | Non-state agents of persecution | Racial / Ethnic persecution]
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 3 August 2006, HGMO (Relocation to Khartoum) Sudan v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2006] UKAIT 00062 [Country of origin information (COI) | Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) | IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Involuntary repatriation | Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription | Persecution based on political opinion | Public health | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Single heads of household | Women-at-risk]
UNHCR, Principes directeurs opérationnels sur le maintien du caractère civil et humanitaire de l’asile, September 2006 / UNHCR, Operational Guidelines on Maintaining the Civilian and Humanitarian Character of Asylum, September 2006
UNHCR, Analysis of Gaps in Refugee Protection Capacity – Thailand, November 2006
Kenya, Refugees Act, No. 13 of 2006, 30 December 2006, 17 Laws of Kenya Cap. 173 (rev. ed. 2014)
UNHCR, Bangladesh: Analysis of Gaps in the Protection of Rohingya Refugees, May 2007
United Kingdom: Court of Session (Scotland), 16 January 2007, In the Petition of Fatima Helow to the nobile officium of the Court of Session, [2007] CSIH 5 [Independence of judiciary | Non-state agents of persecution | Palestinian | Persecution based on political opinion | Refugee camps]
New Zealand: High Court, 4 April 2007, Hassan v. Department of Labour, CRI 2006-485-101 [Criminal justice | False documents | Illegal entry | Immigration Detention | Refugee camps | Residence permits / Residency | Safe third country]
United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales), 4 April 2007, AH (Sudan) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2007] EWCA Civ 297 [Country of origin information (COI) | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Refugee camps]
United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales), 30 October 2007, JK (Serbia) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2007] EWCA Civ 1321 [IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Persecution based on political opinion | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Roma]
United Kingdom: House of Lords (Judicial Committee), 14 November 2007, Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant) v. AH (Sudan) and Others (FC) (Respondents), [2007] UKHL 49 [IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Rejected asylum-seekers | Returnees]
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 25 February 2008, MM and FH (Stateless Palestinians – KK, IH, HE reaffirmed) Lebanon v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2008] UKAIT 00014 [Country of origin information (COI) | Credibility assessment | Discrimination based on race, nationality, ethnicity | Palestinian | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Refugee camps | Statelessness]
New Zealand: Refugee Status Appeals Authority, 19 March 2008, Refugee Appeal Nos. 76120, 76121, 76122 & 76123, Nos. 76120, 76121, 76122 & 76123 [Credibility assessment | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Refugee camps | Witnesses]
United Kingdom: Court of Session (Scotland), 28 March 2008, NO v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2008] CSIH 29 [IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA)]
Malawi: High Court, Lilongwe District Registry, 17 April 2008, Ex Parte Frodovaro Nsabimana and Others v The State and the Department of Poverty and Disaster Management Affairs and Another, Misc. Civil Application No. 19 of 2006 [Refugee / Asylum law | Refugee camps | Urban refugees]
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 21 May 2008, WD (Lebanon – Palestinian – ANO – Risk) Lebanon v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2008] UKAIT 00047 [Country of origin information (COI) | Credibility assessment | Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) | Non-state agents of persecution | Palestinian | Persecution based on political opinion | Political groups | Refugee camps]
United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales), 22 May 2008,RA (Lebanon) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2008] EWCA Civ 687 [Appeal / Right to appeal | Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment | Non-state agents of persecution | Palestinian | Persecution based on political opinion | Refugee camps | Standard of proof]
United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales), 30 July 2008, KH (Sudan); QA (Sudan); BK (Sudan); AA (Sudan); and KA (Sudan) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2008] EWCA Civ 887 [Deportation / Forcible return | IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Women-at-risk]
Gambia, Refugee Act, 2008, 23 October 2008
Burundi, Loi No. 1/32 sur l’asile et la protection des réfugiés au Burundi, 13 novembre 2008
Zimbabwe, Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 19) Act, 2008, Act No. 1 of 2009, 13 February 2009
Kenya, Refugees (Reception, Registration and Adjudication) Regulations, 2009, 27 February 2009
Ireland: High Court, 18 June 2009: S.B. v. Refugee Appeals Tribunal and Another, [2009] IEHC 270 [Népalais – Persécution raciale / ethnique – Camps de réfugiés – Apatridie]
South Africa: Supreme Court of Appeal, 24 February 2010, Arse v The Minister of Home Affairs and others, Order of 24 February 2010, Case No. 52898/09 [IDP camps | Refugee / Asylum law | Refugee camps | Resettlement]
Kenya, The Kenya Citizenship and Immigration Act, 2011, Act No. 11 of 2011, 30 August 2011
United Kingdom: Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), 18 May 2012, AK (Article 15(c)) Afghanistan v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2012] UKUT 00163(IAC) [EU Qualification Directive | IDP camps | Internal armed conflict | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Internally displaced persons (IDPs)]
Kenya, Land Act (N. 6), 2012, 30 September 2012
Australian National Audit Office (ANAO), Individual management services provided to people in immigration detention, Canberra, 2013
Slovakia, Act of 2002 on Asylum and Amendment of Some Acts, 1 January 2003
Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20) Act, 2013, 22 May 2013
High Court of Kenya at Nairobi, Milimani Law Courts Constitutional and Human Rights Division, 26 July 2013, Kituo Cha Sheria and others v. The Attorney General, Petition No. 19 of 2013 consolidated with Petition No. 115 of 2013 [Government Directive to move all refugees in urban areas to refugee camps – Nature and Extent of the rights and fundamental freedoms of refugees residing in urban areas in Kenya – Geneva Convention of 1951 domesticated by the Refugees Act, 2006 (No. 13 of 2006) – ICCPR]
Kenya, The Security Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014, December 2014
Kenya, High Court at Nairobi, Constitutional and Human Rights Division, 23 February 2015,Coalition for Reform and Democracy and others v. Republic of Kenya and others, Petition No. 628 of 2014 consolidated with Petition No. 630 of 2014 and Petition No. 12 of 2015 [Eloignement étrangers – Avoidance Doctrines – Séparation des pouvoirs – Freedom of movement | National security / Public order | Refugee / Asylum law | Refugee camps | Urban refugees]
Kenya, High Court, 18 December 2015, Refugee Consortium of Kenya & another v Attorney General & 2 others, Petition No. 382 of 2014 [Directive that all refugees residing outside designated refugee camps as specified in Gazette Notice No. 1927 must return to their designated camps immediately and order that all refugee registration centres in urban centres were to be closed – Tensions between measures taken to heighten ational security and the protection of the rights of minor refugees – Petitioners arrested and forcefully taken to Daadab Refugee Camp « Best interests of the Child »]
UNHCR, Community-Based Protection in Action – Community-Based Outreach Outside of Camps, 2016
United Kingdom: Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), 22 January 2016, R (on the application of ZAT and Others) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Article 8 ECHR – Dublin Regulation – interface – proportionality) IJR, [2016] UKUT 00061 (IAC) [Notion de camp – « Jungle » – Règlement Dublin – Droit à une vie privée et familiale – Accueil des demandeurs d’asile – Enfants non accompagnés – Entrée sur le territoire]
Togo, Loi No. 2016-021 du 24 aout 2016, portant statut des réfugiés au Togo
High Court of Kenya at Nairobi, 9 February 2017, Kenya National Commission on Human Rights & another v Attorney General & 3 others, Petition No. 227 of 2016 [2017] eKLR [Closure of Kakuma and Dadaab Refugee Camps – Decision to implement repatriation of refugees to Somalia, decision to revoke the prima facie refugee status of Somali – Whether the Government’s decision violated the principle of non-refoulement – Whether the Government’s Decision violated the Refugees’ Rights to a fair administrative action– Whether the Government’s decision violated the constitutional rights of the refugees – Whether the circumstances in Somalia have fundamentally changed to warrant repatriation of the Refugees]
Kenya: Court of Appeal at Nairobi, 17 February 2017, The Honorable Attorney General v. Kituo Cha Sheria and Others, Civil Appeal No.108 of 2014 [Appeal from the Judgment and Decree of the High Court of Kenya at Nairobi (Majonja J.) dated 26th July 2013 – Confirmation du jugement annulant la décision prise en 2012-2013 de fermer les centres urbains d’enregistrement des réfugiés, les demandeurs d’asile/réfugiés devant être enregistrés et accueillis dans les camps de réfugiés et selon laquelle tous ceux qui apportent des services aux réfugiés cessent de le faire dans les zones urbaines et transfèrent ces services dans les camps]
Constitutional Court of South Africa, 29 June 2017, Lawyers for Human Rights v Minister of Home Affairs and others, Case CCT 38/16 [2017] ZACC 22 [Invalidité au regard de la Constitution de la section 34 de l’Immigration Act autorisant détention administrative sans procès aux fins d’expulsion]
Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 28 February 2019, Khan c. France (application no. 12267/16), ECLI:CE:ECHR:2019:0228JUD001226716 [Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment | Refugee camps | Unaccompanied / Separated children]
Doctrine / Analyses
Cultures & Conflits, n° 57 – L’Europe des camps, 2005
Cultures & Conflits, n° 71 – Confinement des étrangers : entre circulation et enfermement, 2008
Acer E. & Goodman J., « Reaffirming Rights : Human Rights Protections of Migrants, Asylum Seekers, and Refugees in Immigration Detention », Georgia Immigration Law Journal, Vol. 24, 2009-2010, pp. 507-531.
Agier M., Gérer les indésirables. Des camps de réfugiés au gouvernement humanitaire, Paris, Flammarion, 2008
Agier M., « Humanity as an Identity and its Political Effects. A Note on Camps and Humanitarian Government », Humanity, n° 1, 2010
Agier M., Managing the Undesirables: Refugee Camps and Humanitarian Government, English ed., Cambridge, Malden MA: Polity, 2011
Agier M., « L’encampement du monde », Plein droit n°90 mars 2011, pp. 21-24.
Agier M. (dir.), Un monde de Camps, Paris, La Découverte, 2014
Al Husseini J.,« The management of the Palestinian Refugee Camps in Jordan between logics of integration and exclusion », available at SSRN : https://ssrn.com/abstract=2166837, 2010, 21 p.
Anafé, Inhumanité en zone d’attente. Bilan 2008. Observations et interventions de l’Anafé en zoned’attente de Roissy, 2009, 58 p. URL : http://www.anafe.org/IMG/pdf/bilananafe-roissy-inhumanite-2008-.pdf
Anafé, Visites dans les zones d’attente de province et d’outre mer en 2007 et 2008, 2009, 30 p. URL : http://anafe.org/IMG/pdf/anafe-visite-za-juillet2009.pdf
Anafé, Dans les coulisses de Roissy : l’enfermement des étrangers en aérogare. Rapports de visites des aérogares de Roissy-Charles de Gaulle, 2016, 22 p. URL : http://www.anafe.org/IMG/pdf/anafe_-dans_les_coulisses_de_roissy_l_enfermement_des_etrangers_en_aerogare-_rapport_de_visites_des_aerogares_de_roissy-charles_de_gaulle.pdf
Bashford A. & Strange C., “Asylum-Seekers and National Histories of Detention”, Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 48, No. 4, 2002, p. 509-527.
Benoit E., « Criminalité et justice sans souveraineté dans les camps de réfugiés du HCR : des systèmes de justice parallèle à l’impunité pour le personnel humanitaire », Revue québécoise de droit international, Hors-série, décembre 2015
Bernardot M., « Le pays aux mille et un camps. Approche socio-historique des espaces d’internement en France au XXe siècle », Recueil Alexandries, coll. Références, n° 9, décembre 2002, http://www.reseau-terra.eu/article542.html
Bernardot M., « Les mutations de la figure du camp », in Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison et al., Le retour des camps ?, Autrement « Frontières », 2007, pp. 42-55.
Bernardot M., Camps d’étrangers, Broissieux, Editions du Croquant, coll. Terra, 2008, 223 p.
Bernardot M., « Rafles et internement des étrangers : les nouvelles guerres de capture », in O. Le Cour Grandmaison (dir.), Douce France. Rafles, rétentions, expulsions, Paris, Seuil/RESF, 2009, pp. 45-71.
Bigo D., Circuler, enfermer, éloigner : zones d’attentes et centres de rétention aux frontières des démocraties occidentales, Paris, l’Harmatan, 1996, 221 p.
Bing C., La détention des demandeurs d’asile au sein de l’Union Européenne, Paris, L’Harmattan, Coll. International, 2016
Bitari N., “Yarmuk Refugee Camp and the Syrian Uprising: A View from Within”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2013, pp. 61-78.
Black R., « Putting Refugees in Camps », Forced Migration Review, 1998, p. 4
Bosworth M., Inside Immigration Detention, Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, 2014, xiv-283 p.
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